In order for a web browser (e.g. firefox) to establish a secure https session with an https enabled Apache web server, it needs a copy the public key part of the web server’s public-private key-pair. This is done by requesting a digital certificate from a Certificate Authority (CA).
A Certificate Authority is a trusted third party that is fully and completely trusted by all the main web browsers (Firefox, Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Safari….etc ). At it’s heart, you can think of a CA has a public-private key-pair. But when it comes CA public-private keys, the private key is used for creating encrypted files. These encrypted files are called Digital Certificates (and are often called SSL Certificates). Whereas the CA’s public key (aka root certificates) is used for decrypting encrypted files (which in this case are the ssl certificate). The root certificates are pre-installed on all the web main web browsers. You can view a list of them by viewing your web brower’s settings.
So when a web browser receives a digital certificate and the web browser manages to decrypt the data using one of the preinstalled root certificates, then the web browser knows that one of the trusted source (i.e. CAs) created the digital certificate, therefore the web browser will fully and completely trust the the contents of the digitaldigital certificate.
You can view a csr’s content by using an online tool, or by running:
$ openssl req -text -noout -verify -in bobsbooks.com.csr
verify OK
Certificate Request:
Data:
Version: 0 (0x0)
Subject: C=UK, ST=Hampshire, L=Southampton, O=Bob's books Ltd, OU=IT Department, CN=bobsbooks.com/emailAddress=admin@bobsbooks.com
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus:
00:94:e6:c2:33:ee:e0:67:c9:aa:e8:ff:82:07:40:
0e:91:ca:19:ea:b2:98:2a:87:b7:1a:ce:c7:d3:3b:
e3:a9:39:9d:8d:7f:e6:26:84:70:4a:a8:49:97:e9:
37:72:07:98:58:77:98:03:a7:fd:0f:9e:0d:7f:f6:
d7:84:ac:40:79:2b:bd:62:18:da:75:f3:e8:5e:33:
48:82:e4:c2:91:0b:81:74:11:cd:d4:3c:f2:60:f6:
de:a2:32:97:fd:8c:73:53:6e:fe:33:6c:28:2b:d0:
e9:9f:af:dc:b3:c6:30:04:bb:e0:e5:41:d8:4b:78:
b9:0b:53:b2:32:c4:33:62:e0:11:cc:b7:59:26:96:
95:82:ca:0e:22:37:70:ca:06:9f:1d:27:41:6d:b4:
64:c6:1b:09:8e:85:72:e0:72:54:1e:eb:ee:d7:54:
d6:b9:98:99:61:46:1b:1c:da:2d:35:8a:0a:59:bf:
fe:e9:bd:92:5b:52:74:44:ab:1d:a0:6c:2d:6d:a2:
6b:d1:ce:ed:ca:ce:a6:0a:d4:4a:14:22:4c:bb:f9:
1b:e8:8f:74:32:f2:12:4b:6c:54:e4:35:b0:bf:e1:
3b:83:f0:57:da:55:be:5e:38:03:c2:2c:36:8c:19:
e0:e5:af:91:67:38:4d:7a:10:04:3d:e2:72:c9:3e:
eb:ed
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
Attributes:
a0:00
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
67:0a:00:b3:62:36:13:e6:c6:ef:04:10:5b:ec:1f:54:fe:55:
c1:50:30:bc:ca:ae:c6:61:a4:44:9d:98:d5:9b:84:a0:93:60:
6b:83:02:62:a3:73:96:10:55:f3:90:9e:85:00:22:78:0a:1f:
45:1c:d0:e6:03:8a:35:72:ce:44:66:08:19:65:44:d7:12:5d:
00:0a:b9:db:3b:1f:a7:a6:fa:a9:84:f5:3a:61:5f:14:48:89:
37:37:b4:b0:1f:51:48:2d:02:6b:f4:ff:6b:4d:d3:56:c5:2e:
43:46:67:6a:cc:be:07:86:b3:82:12:4c:06:67:33:35:5e:63:
b0:76:33:13:1f:85:70:d9:b6:1e:b3:76:ee:f3:54:40:09:a8:
60:bc:35:21:cd:1e:bc:bb:49:c8:10:ae:11:03:c9:d2:fa:7c:
40:9a:53:08:d6:7e:08:9b:be:43:9a:60:79:25:14:7f:5e:6d:
81:45:2f:39:89:91:3d:8b:8e:3b:84:9c:50:e4:40:88:e1:82:
cb:5d:3f:af:13:2c:d0:34:3d:c3:e7:35:11:f3:ac:70:1d:b5:
2e:ae:d6:35:5c:45:75:5c:b5:81:82:a5:c4:73:4e:8a:09:1f:
5c:44:b7:73:42:d7:68:a0:e2:30:91:4d:29:04:32:e2:1e:bc:
12:37:74:00
here the embedded public key is shown in hexdump form, you can extract in text form like this:
$ openssl req -in bobsbooks.com.csr -noout -pubkey
https://www.sslshopper.com/article-most-common-openssl-commands.html
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/asymmetric-cryptography
https://app.pluralsight.com/player?course=linux-encryption-security-lpic-3-303&author=david-clinton&name=linux-encryption-security-lpic-3-303-m2&clip=0&mode=live
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/246071/description-of-symmetric-and-asymmetric-encryption
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18257185/how-does-a-public-key-verify-a-signature/18259395#18259395
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/openssl-essentials-working-with-ssl-certificates-private-keys-and-csrs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request