There are two main clocks in your machine:
- hardware clock – This clock is operated on your machine’s motherboard
- system-clock (aka system-time) – This is your operating system’s clock
So when you start your machine, the first clock that your machine uses for timekeeping is the hardware clock, while the OS is booting up, the system-clock gets it’s time from the hardware-clock. After that the system-clock’s time get’s maintained by the OS.
You can take a look at the hardware clock using the hwclock command:
$ hwclock Wed 21 Mar 2018 11:29:46 AM UTC -0.566718 seconds
You can view the OS time using the timedatectl or date command:
$ timedatectl
Local time: Wed 2018-03-21 11:39:10 GMT
Universal time: Wed 2018-03-21 11:39:10 UTC
RTC time: Wed 2018-03-21 11:39:09
Time zone: Europe/London (GMT, +0000)
NTP enabled: yes
NTP synchronized: yes
RTC in local TZ: no
DST active: no
Last DST change: DST ended at
Sun 2017-10-29 01:59:59 BST
Sun 2017-10-29 01:00:00 GMT
Next DST change: DST begins (the clock jumps one hour forward) at
Sun 2018-03-25 00:59:59 GMT
Sun 2018-03-25 02:00:00 BST
$ date
Wed Mar 21 11:39:12 GMT 2018
the date command doesn’t do a lot, but it’s useful for outputting the date+time in different formats.
You can then change the system-clock’s time manually by using the timedatectl command:
$ date Tue 23 Jun 02:32:32 BST 2018 $ timedatectl set-time 04:00 $ date Tue 23 Jun 04:00:02 BST 2018
Setting the timezone
The timedatecl shows which timezone the machine has been set to:
$ timedatectl
Local time: Wed 2018-03-21 11:39:10 GMT
Universal time: Wed 2018-03-21 11:39:10 UTC
RTC time: Wed 2018-03-21 11:39:09
Time zone: Europe/London (GMT, +0000)
NTP enabled: yes
NTP synchronized: yes
RTC in local TZ: no
DST active: no
Last DST change: DST ended at
Sun 2017-10-29 01:59:59 BST
Sun 2017-10-29 01:00:00 GMT
Next DST change: DST begins (the clock jumps one hour forward) at
Sun 2018-03-25 00:59:59 GMT
Sun 2018-03-25 02:00:00 BST
However if you want to change this, then first use the tzselect command. This command is an interactive tool that work out what your time zone is called. Once you have the name, you can then set the timezone using the timedatectl command:
$ timedatectl set-timezone Europe/London
Time synchronisation
It’s really important to keep your system’s clock as accurate as possible in order to ensure the smooth running of your machine. You can keep your machine’s clock accurate by using NTP (Network Time Protocol). There are 2 main NTP rpms availalable:
- ntp – recommended for machines that are constantly connected to a network and are normally running 24/7
- chrony – recommended for machines that are not running 24/7 or have intermitent network, e.g. mobile phones. Also performs well on machine that are constantly connected to a network and are normally running 24/7
Both of these do the the same job, which is to synchronise a system’s time with another reference time source. You shouldn’t use both. chrony is the successor to ntp and comes preinstalled in CentOS/RHEL 7.
Install ntp
Here’s the command you need to run:
$ yum install chrony
You can also use timedatectl to instruct your OS to accurately maintain the correct time by keeping it’s time in sync with a another trusted remote “ntp” server. This is done by running the following command:
$ timedatectl set-ntp yes
We can view a list of trusted ntp servers that the chronyd is using to sync the system-time. You can view this list using the chronyc command:
$ chronyc sources -v 210 Number of sources = 4 .-- Source mode '^' = server, '=' = peer, '#' = local clock. / .- Source state '*' = current synced, '+' = combined , '-' = not combined, | / '?' = unreachable, 'x' = time may be in error, '~' = time too variable. || .- xxxx [ yyyy ] +/- zzzz || / xxxx = adjusted offset, || Log2(Polling interval) -. | yyyy = measured offset, || \ | zzzz = estimated error. || | | MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample =============================================================================== ^? ns1.tomhek.net 3 9 377 208 -607us[ -607us] +/- 91ms ^+ ntp1.mediamatic.nl 2 10 377 399 +446us[ +446us] +/- 44ms ^* metronoom.dmz.cs.uu.nl 1 9 377 976 -298us[ -335us] +/- 22ms ^- mirror.muntinternet.net 2 10 377 126 +318us[ +318us] +/- 65ms
(Note, the ntpd equivalent to this command is ntpq -p).The asterisk indicates the which one is being used as the primary server. The primary NTP server can change every few minutes based on chronyd’s internal alorithm. To get more info about our ntp status, we run:
$ chronyc tracking Reference ID : 213.136.0.252 (ntp4.bit.nl) Stratum : 2 Ref time (UTC) : Sun Oct 4 16:13:07 2015 System time : 0.001208134 seconds fast of NTP time Last offset : 0.002128782 seconds RMS offset : 0.003163246 seconds Frequency : 500.079 ppm fast Residual freq : 7.099 ppm Skew : 37.938 ppm Root delay : 0.038595 seconds Root dispersion : 0.000447 seconds Update interval : 64.3 seconds Leap status : Normal
(Note, the ntpd equivalent to this command is ntpstat.) This shows how effectively our ntp service is working to keep the time in sync with the remote ntp server. The main config file for our chronyd service is:
$ cat /etc/chrony.conf # Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project. # Please consider joining the pool (http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html). server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst server 1.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst server 2.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst server 3.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst # Ignore stratum in source selection. stratumweight 0 # Record the rate at which the system clock gains/losses time. driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift # Enable kernel RTC synchronization. rtcsync # In first three updates step the system clock instead of slew # if the adjustment is larger than 10 seconds. makestep 10 3 # Allow NTP client access from local network. #allow 192.168/16 # Listen for commands only on localhost. bindcmdaddress 127.0.0.1 bindcmdaddress ::1 # Serve time even if not synchronized to any NTP server. #local stratum 10 keyfile /etc/chrony.keys # Specify the key used as password for chronyc. commandkey 1 # Generate command key if missing. generatecommandkey # Disable logging of client accesses. noclientlog # Send a message to syslog if a clock adjustment is larger than 0.5 seconds. logchange 0.5 logdir /var/log/chrony #log measurements statistics tracking
The server settings are the important part of this file. These servers, e.g. 0.centos.pool.ntp.org are NTP servers which can be used as an accurate time source that chronyd will use to keep sync with. If you want to do a manual time resync, you can simply do this by restarting the ntp service:
$ systemctl restart chronyd
If your system clock is correct, but your hardware-clock is wrong, then you can update the hardware clock using the hwclock command:
$ hwclock --systohc
Also to updated the system clock so that it stays insync with the time provided via chronyd/ntpd deamon, we run:
$ timedatectl set-ntp true
then behind the scenes it will end up starting/stopping the chronyd service:
$ systemctl status chronyd
chronyd.service - NTP client/server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; enabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2015-06-23 04:31:35 BST; 2 days ago
Process: 9562 ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/chrony-helper add-dhclient-servers (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 9556 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/chronyd -u chrony $OPTIONS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 9560 (chronyd)
CGroup: /system.slice/chronyd.service
└─9560 /usr/sbin/chronyd -u chrony
Jun 23 04:31:35 localhost.localdomain chronyd[9560]: chronyd version 1.29.1 starting
Jun 23 04:31:35 localhost.localdomain chronyd[9560]: Linux kernel major=3 minor=10 patch=0
Jun 23 04:31:35 localhost.localdomain chronyd[9560]: hz=100 shift_hz=7 freq_scale=1.00000000 nominal_tick=10000 slew_delta_t...pll=2
Jun 23 04:31:35 localhost.localdomain chronyd[9560]: Frequency -9.935 +/- 3.661 ppm read from /var/lib/chrony/drift
Jun 23 04:31:35 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started NTP client/server.
Jun 23 04:31:42 localhost.localdomain chronyd[9560]: Selected source 84.245.25.222
Jun 23 04:31:42 localhost.localdomain chronyd[9560]: System clock wrong by 227763.759989 seconds, adjustment started
Jun 25 19:47:46 localhost.localdomain chronyd[9560]: System clock was stepped by 227763.760 seconds
Jun 25 19:48:52 localhost.localdomain chronyd[9560]: Selected source 194.171.167.130
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
The chronyd service has it’s own config file is:
$ cat /etc/chrony.conf # Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project. # Please consider joining the pool (http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html). server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst server 1.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst server 2.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst server 3.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst # Ignore stratum in source selection. stratumweight 0 # Record the rate at which the system clock gains/losses time. driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift # Enable kernel RTC synchronization. rtcsync # In first three updates step the system clock instead of slew # if the adjustment is larger than 10 seconds. makestep 10 3 # Allow NTP client access from local network. #allow 192.168/16 # Listen for commands only on localhost. bindcmdaddress 127.0.0.1 bindcmdaddress ::1 # Serve time even if not synchronized to any NTP server. #local stratum 10 keyfile /etc/chrony.keys # Specify the key used as password for chronyc. commandkey 1 # Generate command key if missing. generatecommandkey # Disable logging of client accesses. noclientlog # Send a message to syslog if a clock adjustment is larger than 0.5 seconds. logchange 0.5 logdir /var/log/chrony #log measurements statistics tracking
But’s it’s unlikely you need to make any changes on this file, since the main way to configure your system clock is by using the timedatectl command. The only thing you may need to configure here is adding/removing ntp servers.
On the Job advice
AWS provides a dedicated free AWS NTP service for it’s EC2 instances. This avoids your ec2 instances needing to reach out to the internet for time syncing.
RHCSA quiz
By the end of this article you should be able to answer the following questions:
There are 2 types:
– Hardware clock
– System clock
$ yum install chrony
/etc/chrony.conf # the only thing you might need
# to update here are the ntp servers.
$ systemctl status chronyd.service
$ timedatectl status
$ timedatectl set-ntp true
$ chronyc sources -v
$ systemctl restart chronyd
$ chronyc tracking
$ hwclock –systohc